1. DoenickeAW, Roizen MF, Hoernecke R, LorenzW, Ostwald P.
Solvent for etomidate may cause pain and adverse effects. Br
J Anaesth 1999;83:464-6.
2. Brown PM, Moss E. Reduction of pain on injection of
etomidate. Anaesthesia 1981;36:814-6.
3. Corssen G, Reves J, Stanley T. Dissociative anesthesia.
Intravenous Anesthesia and Analgesia. Philadelphia: Lea and
Febiger; 1988. p. 99.
4. Janssen P, Niemegeers J, Schellekens K. Etomidate,
R-(+)-Ethyl-1-(alpha-methyl-benzyl) imidazole-carboxylate (R
16659): A potent, short‑acting and relatively atoxic intravenous
hypnotic agent in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 1971;21:1234.
5. Ruo W, Shay J, Attele A, Doenicke A, Moss J. Propylene
glycol damages vascular smooth muscle and endothelium.
Anesthesiology 1992;775:A1096.
6. Begum R, Begum A, Bullough CH, Johanson RB. Reducing
maternal mortality from eclampsia, using magnesium
sulphate. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;92:223-4.
7. Koinig H, Wallner T, Marhofer P, Andel H, Hörauf K, Mayer N.
Magnesium sulfate reduces intra-and postoperative analgesic
requirements. Anesth Analg 1998;87:206-10.
8. Ascher P, Nowak L. Electrophysiology studies of NMDA
receptors. Trends Neurosci 1987;10:284-8.
9. Owen H, Spence AA. Etomidate. Br J Anaesth 1984;56:555‑7.
10. Picard P, Tramèr MR. Prevention of pain on injection with
propofol: A quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg
2000;90:963-9.
11. Lai YY, Chang CL, Yeh FC. The site of action of lidocaine in
intravenous regional anesthesia. Ma Zui Xue Za Zhi 1993;31:31-4.
12. Scott RP, Saunders DA, Norman J. Propofol: Clinical strategies
for preventing the pain of injection. Anaesthesia 1988;43:492-4.
13. Melnick BM, Phitayakorn P, McKenzie R. Abolishing pain on
injection of etomidate. Anesthesiology 1987;66:444.
14. Memis D, Turan A, Karamanlioglu B, Süt N, Pamukçu Z.
The use of magnesium sulfate to prevent pain on injection of
propofol. Anesth Analg 2002;95:606‑8.
15. Wong CH, Dey P, Yarmush J, Wu WH, Zbuzek VK.
Nifedipine-induced analgesia after epidural injection in rats.
Anesth Analg 1994;79:303-6.
16. Altura BT, Altura BM. Endothelium-dependent relaxation in
coronary arteries requires magnesium ions. Br J Pharmacol
1987;91:449‑51.
17. Guler A, Satilmis T, Akinci SB, Celebioglu B, Kanbak M.
Magnesium sulfate pretreatment reduces myoclonus after
etomidate. Anesth Analg 2005;101:705‑9.
18. Honarmand A, Safavi M. Magnesium sulphate pretreatment
to alleviate pain on propofol injection: A comparison
withketamine or lidocaine. Acute Pain 2008;10:23-9.
19. Isitemiz I, Uzman S, Toptas M, Vahapoglu A, Gül YG,
Inal FY, et al. Prevention of etomidate-induced myoclonus:
Which is superior: Fentanyl, midazolam, or a combination? A
Retrospective comparative study. Med Sci Monit 2014;20:262-7.