Authors
Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Abstract
A rough 24-hour cycle driven endogenously in biochemical, physiological or behavioral
processes is called circadian rhythm. Chronobiology is the study of biological temporal
rhythms. For decades, we know that the biological rhythm and the drug metabolism are also
affected from daylight and chronopharmacology became recognized by scientists in the early
1970s. Its lateral branch chronocopharmacokinetics is the study of rhythmic, predictablein-time differences in the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Chronopharmacokinetic studies are
performed at every step of the biotransformation i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion. Feeding schedules, sex and phenotype must be taken into consideration while
applying pharmacotherapy to increase the efficiency and to decrease side effects. The impact
of drugs on circadian rhythm should be not neglected. On the other hand, new special drug
delivery systems can be used to synchronize drug concentrations according to circadian
rhythms. “Chronopharmaceuticals” can identify the proper dosing time and this amelioration
will lead to improved progress and diffusion of pharmacotherapy. Chronopharmaceuticals
coupled with nanotechnology could be the future of drug delivery systems, and lead to
safer and more efficient disease therapy in the future. In this review, we will discuss the
pharmacokinetic effects of circadian rhythm and its toxicological outcomes. Besides, we will
try to give some practical points for clinical pharmacist/pharmacy practitioners, concerning
chronopharmacokinetics.
Keywords
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